^{FN1 Ch9} During the war, in August of 1812, the U.S.S. Constitution (44 guns) and the HMS Guerrière (38 guns) came up against one another. An event we shall come to describe in some detail at a later point in this part.

^{FN2 Ch9} http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/L.htm : 3/12/2005

^{FN3 Ch9} We see from John Liddell that the Little Belt was at Halifax in March of 1810. On March 28th she sailed for Bermuda. On July 30th, she came back from Bermuda. On August 13th she went on a cruise. On November 15th she came back from a cruise. On December 24th she sailed for Bermuda in the company of the 74-gun Swiftsure. The next time we hear of her is on the 16th of May, 1811, which is the day she had her run in with the President. It is Murdoch who refers to the Little Belt as the Lille Belt. (Vol. 3, p. 310)

^{FN4 Ch9} A carronade was a short naval gun. It took its name from The Carron Company which in 1760 was established in Scotland, its first iron works. It applied a new process by adding coal-coke to the smelting process. The company was quite successful. [See George Macaulay Trevelyan's English Social History (Toronto: Longmans, Green; 1st Can ed., 1946) at p. 433.] The carronade, in reference to the gun itself, was an important innovation which appeared in service in the late 1770s as an extra weapon on large ships. This large-bore but lightweight gun threw a heavy ball at low velocity over a short range. Far fewer men were needed to operate it than were required for a cannon.

^{FN5 Ch9} http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/L.htm : 3/12/2005 Her captain in 1810, when she is seen to be operating out of Halifax and Bermuda, was John Crispo. However, it was Bingham who was her captain when she came up against the President.

^{FN6 Ch9} Though a few shots can be made from the back (stern) or from the front (bow) of a fighting sailing vessel, she is designed to shoot broadsides. It is along the length of the ship that the big cannons are lined up, one after another. Wooden naval ships of that day were built immensely strong on their sides, with oak or teak planking to a thickness of 15 to 18 inches. Their weakest point was at the stern with its wide galleries and windows. To be raked means when the other vessel's cannon balls are fired down the length of the ship from stern to bow (from bow to stern too, but less effectively). Such shots usually strike the weakest parts of a Man-o-war. Further, to be raked means that the raked vessel is not in a position to exchange anywhere near the same number of shot.

^{FN7 Ch9} In the days of fighting sail, the ship upwind had the advantage of better maneuverability. A fighting ship needs both good sailors and good gun crews. At the beginning of any one-on-one naval battle there is always a dance to be carried out, each vessel seeking the weather quarter of the other.

^{FN8 Ch9} Allen, Battles of the British Navy, (London: Bohn, 1853), Vol. 2, pp. 364-5. So Allen reported 11 killed and 10 wounded. Akins, "History of Halifax City," (NSHS, #8, p. 149) reported 16 killed and 21 wounded.

^{FN9 Ch9} It is difficult to figure how Rodgers took a 20-gun flush decked vessel for a 38-gun double decked British frigate. "As the United States Government was at the time at peace with the whole world, it is clear that Rodgers' attack on the Little Belt was merely the act of a sea bully who wished to stand well with his countrymen at a cheap rate, by attacking a ship of less than one-fourth his own strength." (James Hannay, "The War of 1812," NSHS, #11 (1901) p. 25.)

^{FN10 Ch9} "A gale came up on the second day during which the First Lieutenant, Mr John Moberly, stopped the leaks himself and secured the masts. Captain Bingham also commended the conduct of Lieutenant Lovell and master's mate Mr Wison." (http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/L.htm : 3/12/2005)

^{FN11 Ch9} http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/L.htm : 3/12/2005

^{FN12 Ch9} The administration of matters back in the days of powerful bureaucrats and sailing ships was a slow, slow process; "nine months was not an exaggerated time between the asking of a question in America and the receipt of a reply from London." (Chatterton, p. 306.)

^{FN13 Ch9} Mahan, Sea Power in its Relations to The War of 1812 (London: Sampson, Low, Marston, 1905), Vol. 1, p. 322.

^{FN14 Ch9} Sea Power in its Relations to The War of 1812 (London: Sampson, Low, Marston, 1905), Vol. 1, pp. 323-5. Mahan wrote that the Belvidera was "rated 32." The information that I have come across is that the Belvidera had 36 guns; she was built at Deptford in 1809.

^{FN15 Ch9} Padfield, Broke and the Shannon (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1968), p. 87.

^{FN16 Ch9} Richard Byron was appointed to the Belvidera on February 2nd, 1810. The Belvidera was at the Halifax station in 1811. She was Rear Ad. Herbert Sawyer's flagship.

^{FN17 Ch9} Mahan, Sea Power in its Relations to The War of 1812 (London: Sampson, Low, Marston, 1905), Vol. 1, p. 324. In reference to the Belvidera's prizes, the British Admiral thought that "there might possibly be some mistake, like that of the meeting between the President and Little Belt a year before." So he directed their release. (Ibid.)

^{FN18 Ch9} C. H. J. Snider's Under The Red Jack (Toronto: Musson, n.d.) at p. 12.

^{FN19 Ch9} Murdoch, vol. 3, p. 327.

^{FN20 Ch9} Mahan, in writing of the American 44-gun frigate, stated: "The weight of the burden was the heavy frigates, two of which together were more than a match for three of the same nominal class -- the 38-gun frigate -- which was the most numerous and efficient element in the British cruising force. The American forty-four was unknown to British experience, and could be met only by ships of the line." [Sea Power in its Relations to The War of 1812 (London: Sampson, Low, Marston, 1905), Vol. 2, p. 211.] At the end of the summer or early autumn of 1812, after the British lost another single duel -- the Guerrière and the Constitution -- in asking the Admiralty for more ships, Admiral Warren was reminded that the Admiralty had sent him already, for use in America, "eleven sail of the line, thirty-four frigates, thirty-eight sloops, besides other vessels, making a total of ninety-seven." (Mahan, Sea Power in its Relations to The War of 1812 (London: Sampson, Low, Marston, 1905), Vol. 1, p. 385.)