^{FN1 Ch12} The "cold winds of Halifax were laden with wild rumours of invasion and treason in Cumberland County." [D. C. Harvey, "Machias And the Invasion of Nova Scotia" Annual Report of the Canadian Historical Association, 1932, (pamphlet reprint) at p. 5.]

^{FN2 Ch12} As quoted by Kerr in "Nova Scotia in the Critical Years," The Dalhousie Review, Vol. 12 (1932), at p. 104.

^{FN3 Ch12} As Francklin was to report to Pownall on May 4th and as set out in Kerr's "Nova Scotia in the Critical Years," op. cit., p. 105.

^{FN4 Ch12} When one reads the efforts that were taken by Goreham and his men at Fort Cumberland, the impression is, that the fort had hardily been even occupied in the past number of years. It was hardly to be called a fort anymore. Most of the fortifications (bastions, parapets and alike) were by then, 1776, 25 years old, or so. These fortifications "being so long exposed to the heavy rains and frost were bent down to such a slope that one might with ease ascend any part of the fort, which was guarded by a line of pickets only about ten feet in height (placed in a shallow ditch) that we had been able to erect during the summer ..." [Joseph Goreham's journal, as found in Webster's "The Forts of Chignecto" (Shediac, N.B.: Privately printed, 1930), pp. 116-22.]

^{FN5 Ch12} Harvey,"Machias And the Invasion of Nova Scotia" op. cit., at p. 5. "At the same time small detachments were sent to protect Liverpool and Yarmouth." Note that the very use of the name "Fencibles" means it was a militia unit. Where a soldier is described as a fencible it means he is "liable only for service at home." (Harry Piers, "The 40th Regiment ..." NSHS, Vol #21 (1927) at p. 153.)

^{FN6 Ch12} A very large grant was made on 27th of November, 1763. Milner sets forth the names of the grantees in his article, "Records of Chignecto," NSHS#15 (1911) at p. 57. The list includes names, such as: Morse, How, Eddy, Oulton, Earle, Watson, Collins and Chapell. Jonathan Eddy was to become a member of the assembly at Halifax.

^{FN7 Ch12} Philadelphia, it seems, was where the Continental Congress met, it had first assembled on September 5th, 1774.

^{FN8 Ch12} See generally, Harvey's article,"Machias And the Invasion of Nova Scotia" op. cit.

^{FN9 Ch12} "The court appointed a committee to deal with this petition but without waiting for this report Eddy had returned to Machias ..." (Harvey, "Machias And the Invasion of Nova Scotia," op. cit., at p. 6.)

^{FN10 Ch12} In May of 1776, two American privateers arrived at the harbour at Saint John, and, "informed the people that the province was soon to be invaded, that the privateers would stop all commerce unless the people joined them, and that if the colonies had the expense of conquering them, they would take their estates to pay for it." At the same time threats were made that Indians "would kill some of the people if they refused ... Subject to these threats, the men of Saint John held a meeting and agreed 'since they were neglected by the Nova Scotia Government' to submit to Massachusetts. But," as Professor Kerr continues, "the people of Maugerville, a little below the present Fredericton, displayed no reluctance. On May 14th, 1776, many heads of families, being Massachusetts men, voted the strongest resolutions of sympathy with New England ..." (Professor W. B. Kerr contributed the article, "Nova Scotia in the Critical Years, 1775-6," op. cit.)

^{FN11 Ch12} Murdoch in his History of Nova Scotia writes (Vol.2, p. 578.) that "four inhabitants [Jonathon Eddy, William Howe, Samuel Rogers and John Allan] of Cumberland, who had gone to New England, returned to the St. John's river, where they were joined by three inhabitants, a few Indians, and about 500 of the people of Machias." Allan, we should mention, was a member of the Nova Scotia Assembly, the seating member for Cumberland.

^{FN12 Ch12} Kerr, "Nova Scotia in the Critical Years, 1775-6," op. cit.

^{FN13 Ch12} Joseph Goreham, in his journal, gives the date of October 25th. (See Webster's work, op. cit., pp. 116-22.)

^{FN14 Ch12} "The transport sloop with our winter's provisions and stores, that arrived into this harbour the 25th October under convoy of the Juno, which soon after sailed, got into Cumberland Creek, near the garrison.' From Joseph Goreham's journal, ibid.

^{FN15 Ch12} Eddy's account of the attack on Fort Cumberland, as set out by Harvey in his article, "Machias And the Invasion of Nova Scotia," op. cit., at pp. 8-9.

^{FN16 Ch12} Murdoch, op. cit., Vol.2, p. 578.

^{FN17 Ch12} Eddy: "The already too plentiful effusion of human blood in the unhappy contest between Great Britain & the Colonies ... I have to summon you in the name of the United Colonies to surrender the fort ... I do promise that if you surrender, etc. etc." Goreham: "I acknowledge, etc. ... From the commencement of these unhappy contests I have felt for my deluded fellow subjects and countrymen of America [Goreham was born in Massachusetts] and for the many innocent people they have wantonly involved in the horrors of an unhappy rebellion, and entertain every human principle and aversion to the unnecessary effusion of human blood -- therefore command you in his majesty's name to disarm and recommend your surrendering yourself and party immediately ..." Eddy's demand and Goreham's refusal are set out by Webster in his work, op. cit. pp. 121-2; also set out in Will R. Bird's A Century at Chignecto: The Key to Old Acadia (1928) (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1928) at pp. 218-9; see, too, Howard Trueman's The Chignecto Isthmus And Its First Settlers at http://www.magma.ca/~mmackay/chignecto.html

^{FN18 Ch12} There is an abbreviated account of the uprising in Rawlyk and Stewart's A People Highly Favoured of God (Toronto: Macmillan, 1972) at p. 45. These authors suggest that Eddy and his compatriots had in mind that they would march on to Halifax once they had raised enough men in Cumberland.

^{FN19 Ch12} "Nova Scotia in the Critical Years, 1775-6," op. cit..

^{FN20 Ch12} From Joseph Goreham's journal, we read: "Several early attempts was made by Lieutenant Sharman and others who understood a birch bark canoe to convey intelligence of our situation, thro' Windsor to Halifax, but was intercepted by the enemy, and at length got out a small open sail boat ... Lieutenant Dixon half pay officer generously offered himself for this piece of difficult service, with two soldiers and two of the inhabitants of the garrison." (Goreham's journal, at least in part, is set out by Webster in his work, op. cit., pp. 116-22.) Milner gives the full name, Mayor Dixson. [Milner, op. cit., at p. 48.] Eddy, it seems, attempted to cut communications by seizing unsuspecting vessels and by taking over the ferry terminal which then was located at Partridge Island (Windsor to Partridge Island). The waters off Nova Scotia, at this time, we need to remind ourselves, was invested with American privateers. See, for example Simeon Perkins entries of September 27th, 29th ("news of a number of privateers on the coast"), and October 11th ("Canso ... taken away 5 sail of ships, brigs, etc. Burnt, sunk and destroyed 5 or 6 more, and taken some things out of stores). Perkins' entry of October 16th is quite telling: there was a schooner, the Betsy, in which Perkins was a part owner. He awoke that morning to find that someone had taken her. "She was near my wharf at anchor, loading for Halifax with boards, staves, and fish." He engaged another vessel, a brig, the Minerva with nine men to go after the Betsy. He then comments: "This is the fourth loss I have met with my countrymen, and are altogether so heavy upon me I do not know how to go on with much more business, especially as every kind of property is so uncertain, and no protection afforded as yet, from government."

^{FN21 Ch12} It is to be remembered that the people of Horton, Cornwallis and Windsor, had, at least the majority of them, but only back fifteen years or so, had come up from New Englander to settle.

^{FN22 Ch12} "Franklin [who then lived in the area] threw a detachment of his militia corps into Fort Edward, which enabled General Massey, then Commander at Halifax, to send Major Batt with two companies to Fort Cumberland." (Milner, op. cit., p. 48.)

^{FN23 Ch12} Op. cit., Vol.2, p. 578.

^{FN24 Ch12} Goreham writes that the reinforcement amounted to 209 men. (Harvey, op. cit., in a footnote.)

^{FN25 Ch12} Eddy's account is set out by Harvey in his article, "Machias And the Invasion of Nova Scotia," op. cit., at pp. 8-9. Incidently, by the 28th, news had gotten down as far as Liverpool, as we see where Perkins wrote, "Jacob Jones and Wm. Knolton arrive from Halifax. Bring news that Fort Cumberland is taken by an army from New England. That Mr. John Allen, and one Mr. Eddy, both of Cumberland, are officers in the New England army, and that many of the people of this Province have joined them."

^{FN26 Ch12} Joseph Goreham's journal, op. cit.

^{FN27 Ch12} See "Nova Scotia in the Critical Years, 1775-6," op. cit.. As to Eddy, Howe, Rowe and Rogers: a reward was put on each of their heads of £100, for Eddy there was double the money, £200. (Milner, op. cit., at p. 53.)

^{FN28 Ch12} Op. cit., at p. 13; see Milner, op. cit., at p. 48. The men, as can be seen in "Papers relating to Trials for Treason in 1776-7" NSHS, #1 (1878), were tried before a jury. The indictment read in part, "not having the fear of God in their hearts nor having any regard for the duty of their allegiance, but being moved and seduced by the instigation of the devil as false rebels and traitors etc." It can be seen that Mr. Uniacke was listed as a witness, which raises the question whether a deal was struck. Charles Morris, I believe, was the presiding judge at the trial which took place at Halifax on or before the 18th of April, 1777. One of the documents in the record is one that appears to be a Stay of Execution, granted to Parker Clark because he voluntarily surrendered himself to Lieut. Colonel Goreham who in turn promised Clark he would recommend a pardon.

^{FN29 Ch12} See Brebner, The Neutral Yankees (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1970) at p. 283. On the whole, however, as Hamilton, observed in his article, "Yorkshire Settlement Beyond Chignecto" [NSHS, Journal #3 (2000) at p. 138] it was Yorkshiremen who were in the majority and they remained "loyal," and in being so, saved Cumberland from going over to the side of the rebels.

^{FN30 Ch12} Collier, it seems, had his own way of dealing with bandits. It was soon figured out, that it was the people at Machias who had hatched and launched the attack on Fort Cumberland. The following year, Collier sent three men-of-war and a sloop down the coast to Machias. The marines were landed on August 14th and gave the locals a tough time of it. After destroying supplies which they felt were being gathered together to support a further attack on Nova Scotia, the British navy pulled out quickly. (Brebner, op. cit., fn at p. 287.)

^{FN31 Ch12} Words are as quoted by Clarke in his work, The Siege of Fort Cumberland, 1776 (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995) at p.212.

^{FN32 Ch12} HMS Vulture had been sent up earlier; HMS Hope and the HMS Diligent arrived on December 2nd; and the HMS Lizard on the 15th. Two other vessels came in company with the war ships on the 2nd: the Nancy and the Independence. The Nancy, apparently the "large victualing ship from Halifax" to which Goreham refereed in his journal; the Independence a captured American privateer with 14 guns and one hundred men, the guns of which were removed and mounted at Fort Cumberland. (See, Joseph Goreham's journal, op. cit.; and see Clarke, op. cit., at p. 207.)

^{FN33 Ch12} See Brebner, op. cit., p. 299. Seccombe -- "Harvard-educated elderly clergyman carried away by his own pulpit rhetoric."

^{FN34 Ch12} Milner, op. cit., at p. 50, was to make a note about Eddy and those that followed him in his attack on Fort Cumberland, in 1776. After the war, in 1785, Congress gave grants of lands to many of them at Eddington, Maine (just outside of Bangor). In addition to Jonathan Eddy, the names on the grants, included: Ebenezer Gardner, Zebulun Roe, William Maxwell, Robert Foster, Parker Clarke, Atwood Fales, Elijah Ayer, William Eddy, Phineas Nevers, Nathaniel Reynolds, Samuel Rogers, Thomas Forkner, John Day, Anthony Burk, John Eckley, Jonathan Eddy (jr) and William Howe. If the size of these grants are to be taken as a guide, then it would seem that in addition to Jonathan Eddy (1500 acres) the leaders were Nevers (1000 acres), Roe (750 acres) and Maxwell (750 acres). It will be remembered "Dr. Parker Clare" of Fort Lawrence, "Capt. Thomas Falconer" from Cobequid had been brought down to Halifax, charged and tried, they were both convicted. It wouldn't seem they were subject to much of a penalty.